If you're exploring college majors in government, politics, or social change, you’ve likely encountered the fields of public policy and political science. At first glance, they may seem similar — both deal with how societies are governed. But when it comes to coursework, skills developed, and career outcomes, there are key differences worth understanding.
In this guide, we’ll explore public policy vs. political science to help prospective undergraduate students make informed decisions. Plus, we’ll highlight the University of Pittsburgh's School of Public and International Affairs (SPIA) new Bachelor of Arts in Public Policy, designed for students ready to make a real-world impact.
What Is the Difference Between Public Policy and Political Science?
While both disciplines examine government and society, their focus and purpose differ:
- Political science is the study of political systems, institutions, behavior, and theories. It asks how and why political power is structured and exercised.
- Public policy focuses on designing, implementing, and evaluating solutions to public problems — such as healthcare, education, or climate change.
According to the American Political Science Association (APSA), political science is a social science that examines governments, public policies, and political behavior worldwide. Meanwhile, the Center for Civic Education defines public policy as “what government does or does not do about a problem.”
In short: Political science builds understanding. Public policy builds solutions.
Academic Focus: Theory vs. Practice
Political Science courses are more theoretical, analytical, and discussion-based. You'll ask big-picture questions, such as: "How do different electoral systems shape governance?"
Public policy education is interdisciplinary and applied in nature. For example, Pitt’s Public Policy major requires courses in microeconomics and statistics to build a foundation in analytical decision-making. You'll learn to design policy proposals, assess their effects using data, and consider ethical outcomes.
Skills You’ll Build
Political Science majors gain:
- Critical thinking & argumentation
- Deep knowledge of political systems
- Research and writing skills
- Understanding of political behavior
- Preparation for law school or grad school
Public Policy majors gain:
- Data analysis & policy evaluation
- Cost-benefit analysis tools
- Real-world problem solving
- Communication for advocacy and implementation
- Hands-on experience via policy labs and internships
While there is overlap, the emphasis differs: political science prepares you to analyze systems, while public policy prepares you to improve them.
Career Paths: Political Science vs. Public Policy
Both majors open the door to meaningful work in public service, but the roles they lead to often differ in focus.
Political Science Career Paths:
- Legislative aide or policy staffer
- Campaign strategist or political consultant
- Journalist or political analyst
- Lobbyist or NGO coordinator
- Pre-law student or future attorney
- Educator or researcher
Political science graduates are analytical thinkers well-suited for roles that require strong writing, compelling argumentation, and an understanding of governance.
Public Policy Career Paths:
- Policy analyst or program evaluator
- Budget analyst or city manager
- Research associate at a think tank
- Nonprofit program coordinator
- Government relations specialist
- Consultant for public affairs or compliance
Public policy grads often go on to roles where data-driven decision-making, policy implementation, and project management are essential. Many graduates of public policy programs also pursue advanced degrees in public administration, law, or urban planning to advance into leadership positions.
Often, students transition from undergraduate public policy programs into graduate and PhD-level programs to further specialize. At SPIA, we offer graduate programs that you can consider during your undergraduate years.
Which Major Should You Choose?
Ask yourself these questions:
- Do you enjoy debating political theory, understanding ideologies, or analyzing international relations? → Political Science might be right for you.
- Are you driven to solve real-world issues with practical tools and data? Do you want to design or evaluate government programs? → Public Policy could be the better fit.
Alternatively, consider combining the two options. Many students double major or minor in fields while in undergrad. At Pitt, SPIA makes it easy to customize your path — combining political insight with actionable policy skills.
SPIA’s Bachelor of Arts in Public Policy
If you’re interested in hands-on, solutions-oriented learning, the University of Pittsburgh now offers a B.A. in Public Policy through SPIA. This undergraduate major is ideal for students who want to lead in government, nonprofits, or advocacy.
Program Highlights:
- Coursework in economics, statistics, ethics, and policy
- Focus areas like urban governance, health policy, and sustainability
- Faculty-led research opportunities
- Pittsburgh- and D.C.-based internship options
- Flexibility to double major or minor
SPIA's mission is to prepare the next generation of leaders to craft smart, equitable policy. You’ll graduate with the skills, experience, and network needed to make a difference. Explore the B.A. in Public Policy.
Final Thoughts: Public Policy vs Political Science
Both public policy and political science equip students to understand and shape the world around them — just from different angles. Political science teaches you how systems of power work; public policy teaches you how to improve those systems through data and design.
Whether you want to be a political thinker, a policy innovator, or both, the choice comes down to how you want to engage with public life. At the University of Pittsburgh’s SPIA, you’ll find the flexibility and support to chart your course.
Still deciding? Reach out to our admissions team. We’re here to help you explore your path in the public sphere.